Material properties: effect on deflection, rotation and vibration — Part 2

This article aims to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the hybrid test method, including its contextual development and potential as a dynamic testing technique.

The penultimate article in this series examines the special types of concrete bridge. Concrete cable-stayed, extradosed and stressed ribbon bridges are all described here, together with the special features of concrete footbridges and railway bridges.

The provision of beams with web openings has become a common method of incorporating services within the structural depth of a floor. Although specialist software is available to design such beams, guidance regarding sizing, spacing and best practice is useful for engineers performing scheme design.