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The Structural Engineer, Volume 70, Issue 8, 1992
The history of the Tete Defense project La Defense, to the west of Paris, is situated at the end of the historical axis which begins at the Louvre and continues through the Place de la Concorde, following the Champs Elysees along the Rue de la Grande Armee out of the city. As long ago as 1931 a competition was held by the Departement de la Seine for infrastructure improvements between the Arc de Triomphe and La Defense. However, because of the recession of the 1930s and World War II, the implementation of these schemes was not possible. It was not until 1956 that the plan for La Defense finally took shape. In order to regenerate economic development, the French Government decided to create a large business district on the outskirts of Paris. The extension of the Grand Axe towards La Defense was, for such a prestigious development, the obvious location that would capture the imagination of potential investors from the private sector. P. Terrell and H. Dutton
A wet tropical climate, youthful geology, and embryonic road network, present particular constraints on bridge design and serviceability. The influence of an unstable environment on conceptual design is reviewed in the light of recent experience in Papua New Guinea. E. Pennells