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The Structural Engineer, Volume 12, Issue 4, 1934
On the 15th January, 1934, the Building Acts Committee of the London County Council made the following recommendation:-
WHEN a structural engineer designs a foundation, he requires to know the capacity of his subsoil, not only on the surface, or at the date of erection of the superstructure, but throughout its depth and throughout the period of time during which his structure is expected to last. The properties of the materials he uses above ground and for his footings are so well known and so standardised both in manufacture and use that few erectors and designers realise the amount of observation, experiment, and control of characteristics on which depends the knowledge that enables them to calculate the amount of steel needed for a floor beam or a bridge member, or the amount of concrete needed for a column. H.H. Leys
If in any statically indeterminate structure with r redundants, we introduce, Figure 1, an additional hinge (a), or make a cut and supply a frictionless guide which allows either (b) purely axial displacements, or (c) purely transverse displacements, then the redundancy will be reduced by one degree. H.A. Whitaker