The Elements of the Theory of Strain Energy

THE physical properties of concrete depend primarily upon the cementing material and aggregates of which it is composed. The methods and operations used in the making of concrete are vital factors in the production of conditions affecting the density, strength and permanence of the concrete mass. This paper has for its object the following:- H.W. Coultas

The PRESIDENT (Dr. Oscar Faber, O.B.E., M.Inst.C.E.), proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the authors for their paper, and complimented them upon the admirable way in which it had been presented. It was obvious, he said, that the authors were experienced in delivering lectures on subjects of that kind; otherwise they could not have presented the paper so well as they had done.

In a previous paper attention was devoted to the general behaviour of plain and reinforced concrete beams particularly in regard to the deflection of beams and the stress distribution along the shear and tension reinforcement. The influence of shear reinforcement on the deflection of reinforced concrete beams and on the stress in the tension reinforcement, in that portion of beams subjected to shearing forces, was also illustrated and discussed. The diagrams given show that in a beam not sufficiently reinforced in shear both the central deflection and the tensile steel stress, in that portion of beams subjected to shearing forces, may be considerably greater than that calculated excluding the assistance afforded by the concrete in tension. That is, in a beam having diagonal cracks the tension reinforcement tends to act as a tie rod such that the stress along it becomes more uniform and the general behaviour of the beam approaches that of a 2-hinged tied arch. The possibility of this phenomenon taking place has already been pointed out by Dr. Oscar Faber, O.B.E., M.Inst.C.E., M.I T.Struct.E.2 In the same paper, as well as in Engineer3, the author also referred to the strain distribution along vertical sections of reinforced concrete beams, the latter being reinforced in tension only. The results obtained showed that the increase under sustained loads of the tensile steel stress, due to the formation of vertical cracks and the plastic properties of the concrete, seldom amounts to more than about 15 per cent. and that the actual position of the neutral axis under working loads is always between the two positions calculated when (a) including and (b) excluding the assistance afforded by the concrete in tension. R.H. Evans