The library is a single expansive room built over an open colonnade overlooking Neville’s Court. It is credited as being one of the first libraries to have large windows to give comfortable light levels to aid readers. Careful consideration was given to the internal layout of the library, where the bookshelves were arranged to form a series of bays. Each open bay forms a semi-private study space and contains four-person reading desks and stools designed by Wren. This furniture remains in the library to this day.
Excavations in 1970 revealed that the library was founded on inverted brick arches. Located close to the river, this innovative foundation solution was intended to spread loads more evenly across the ground, avoiding the concentration of stresses beneath individual piers and reducing the risk of subsidence.