Lessons learned in 3D modelling of underground structures

This article seeks to equip engineers with more knowledge about ruins. Building on Part 11 of the Conservation compendium, 'A career in ruins (the challenges presented by derelict structures)' , it provides further sources of information from a UK perspective for those engineers who look after them.

This note explains the basic principles of below ground drainage for both surface and foul water. It describes the different types of drainage pipe available, their installation and interface with structure, and their testing and maintenance.

This article discusses two topics: validation – am I asking the right questions of the software; and verification – am I getting the right answers?