The non-linear behaviour of circular arches can be found using the finite element method. The computer time using this method is usually long, especially if smaller elements are chosen to increase the accuracy of results. This paper describes an exact mathematical derivation for the actual of such arches. M. N. El-Atrouzy
Expressions for aggregate interlock load/displacement relationships and ultimate strengths are deduced from tests of push-off specimens of concretes made with natural gravel and lightweight (expanded clay) aggregates. The results show the importance of crack roughness in the interlock phenomenon. Y.D. Hamadi and P.E. Regan