Approximate Formulae for Determining the Effective Length of Steel Columns to BS 5950

Circular piles are used extensively, either individually or in groups, in the foundations of buildings, bridges, and other structures. In addition, they are used in the form of secant piling to form diaphragm walls. In many situations, they are subjected to a lateral load, particularly when being used as a retaining wall, and hence a horizontal shear is applied to the crosssection. Similarly, circular columns are used fairly frequently for bridge piers. They have to be designed for a lateral load due to impact or the effect of vehicle braking on the bridge. J.L. Clarke and F.K. Birjandi

The introduction of self-certification in Scotland should be welcomed by structural engineers, but initial reaction varies from satisfaction to hostility - the latter, I believe, based on fear of added responsibility without adequate recompense. T.J. Bell

The Rules of Conduct were approved by the Council of the Institution on 29 June 1972, in accordance with the terms of the Charter and of Bye-Law 85.