Pullout test specimens are widely used in the ussessment of bond performance of reinforcement. However, there are objections to the form of such tests, particularly where ribbed bars are concerned, as the failure mode in pullout tests is very different from that in practical circumstances and failure strengths are considerably higher than design values. J. Cairns and R. Abdullah
Synthetic thinking between engineers, architects and designers The profession of civil engineering and its offspring - structural engineering - has its roots in the discipline and hierarchical nature of imperial armies acting on behalf of certain western countries. Here were born the tenets of economy and efficiency. I. Ritchie
There have been significant developments in the structural design of commercial and other multi-storey buildings in the UK since 1980. At its maximum in 1989, the market for steel in this sector reached over 400 000 t. R.M. Lawson