An investigation into crowd-induced vertical dynamic loads using available measurements

This paper reviews measurements of group induced dynamic forces and outlines a theoretical approach to estimate the vertical dynamic loading due to groups of people jumping or dancing together. It is applicable to the design of gymnasium floors, dance floors, stadium and theatre floors and balconies where audience dancing is anticipated. Although some of the parameters proposed are tentative, comparison of predicted loads with full-scale measurements is good. It is shown that the dynamic forces induced by a crowd jumping can be characterised by factors describing how energetic their dancing is and the quality of their co-ordination.

Michael Willford, Ove Arup and Partners