Development of dynamic structural testing to current state-of-the-art hybrid testing

This article is the second in a three-part series outlining the serviceability hand calculations to be undertaken in the preliminary structural design stage.

The penultimate article in this series examines the special types of concrete bridge. Concrete cable-stayed, extradosed and stressed ribbon bridges are all described here, together with the special features of concrete footbridges and railway bridges.

The provision of beams with web openings has become a common method of incorporating services within the structural depth of a floor. Although specialist software is available to design such beams, guidance regarding sizing, spacing and best practice is useful for engineers performing scheme design.