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The Structural Engineer, Volume 70, Issue 14, 1992
This paper summarises an experimental investigation into the effects of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) on the punching shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs. Tests were carried out on 84 reinforced concrete slabs in which ASR was accelerated in the laboratory. The variables investigated were: the amount of ASR expansion; the amount, location, end anchorage and type of reinforcement; and the external restraint to a slab. It was found that, in general, ASR expansion and cracking did not reduce the punching strength of a slab but did increase its ductility. However, at extremely high ASR free-expansions in excess of about 6000 µstrain, concrete delaminations occurred parallel to the reinforcement planes of doubly reinforced slabs, and this effect reduced the punching shear capacity of such slabs. K.E. Ng and Professor L.A. Clark
For many years, business organisations in the USA have looked for ways both to reduce the amount of litigation that takes place there and to achieve savings in time and money in the procedures involved in litigation. The first objective - to try to reduce the amount of litigation - faces major constitutional problems; however, the second - to try to reduce the length, complexity and cost of litigation - has in some cases been achieved by Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques. J.J. Ward
What is a ‘green building’? How do you design it? How do you assess the ‘greenness’ of a building? Few architects, engineers or quantity surveyors have faced the challenge of including ‘green’ in their list of criteria for designing a building. Some see it as being simply another excuse not to care about the quality of architecture, others that it is only a reevaluation of materials and technology on the basis of the latest scientific research. It could be argued, however, that good architecture has always been green - natural ventilation and natural lighting have always been important issues and energy consumption (maintenance costs), as well as health and safety, have always been on architects’ and engineers’ checklists. R. Lutz and N. Billett